<p>Farm Content is a historic home located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story brick structure, five bays wide at the principal façade and built about 1795. It is one of the finest examples of rural Federal architecture in Carroll County, and as the home of David Shriver, progenitor of the Shriver family in Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Farm Content was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Friendship Valley Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was established in the late 18th century. About that time a -story T-shaped main house was built of brick on a stone foundation. It was later expanded to its current "H" shape. One of the small log cabins still standing near the house was once a slave cabin. It was later used as a smoke house. Also on the property is a large brick wash-house and summer kitchen built in 1860, with a bell tower on the roof.</p><br>
<p>Friendship Valley Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew P. Frizzell House and Farm Complex is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>It is a well-preserved example of the Victorian style. It is a two-story brick home built in 1896 with a five-bay symmetrical façade. Also on the property are a washhouse/smokehouse, privy, chicken house, corn crib, and bank barn. Its owner, Andrew P. Frizzell, hosted a reception for Republican Governor Lloyd Lowndes at his farm shortly after the house was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew P. Frizzell House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Hard Lodging is a historic home located at Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is built on a small cliff overlooking the site where its first owner, Solomon Shepherd, had a mill that is no longer standing. The house was built in three stages: the middle section, a -story brick structure, was probably built first; the main section of the house is attached to the west and is a Federal-style, three-by-two-bay, -story house with an interior gable-end chimney. Hard Lodging is currently a private residence and is no longer owned by the Historical Society. The home is an example of Pennsylvania German architecture.</p><br>
<p>Hard Lodging was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Wilson&#39;s Inheritance is a historic home and farm complex located at Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex includes the 1832-38 farmhouse, a bank barn, blacksmith shop, washhouse, smokehouse, chicken houses, sheds, and a privy. The brick house features an L-shaped plan, stone foundation, gable roof, ornamentation, and its siting into a slope.</p><br>
<p>Wilson&#39;s Inheritance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Hoffman House is a historic home located at Houcksville, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was built about 1850 and is a two-story gable-roofed stuccoed stone farm house with a four bay façade with a one-story full length porch. Also on the property is a stone springhouse. The house is unusual for retaining elements of Pennsylvania German architecture at such a late date.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Hoffman House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Pleasant, also known as the Clemson Family Farm, is a historic home located at Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is a five-bay by two-bay, -story brick structure with a gable roof and built about 1815. Also on the property is a brick wash house, a hewn mortised-and-tenoned-and-pegged timber-braced frame wagon shed flanked by corn cribs, and various other sheds and outbuildings. It was the home farm of the Farquhar family, prominent Quakers of Scotch-Irish descent who were primarily responsible for the establishment of the Pipe Creek Settlement.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Pleasant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Stoner–Saum Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex consists of a brick house, a frame bank barn, a brick smokehouse, a stone ice house and summer kitchen, a stone wagon shed, and several other frame farm outbuildings. The house is a two-story, five-bay by two-bay structure with a rubble stone foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Stoner–Saum Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Jacob F. Shaffer Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Millers, Carroll County, Maryland. The complex consists of a brick house built in 1854, a rare stone bank barn, a frame summer kitchen, and a frame corn crib. The house is a two-story, three-bay wide, banked Federal / Greek Revival style brick structure with Flemish bond on the east-facing facade.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Winemiller Family Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Taneytown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex consists of a large two-story brick house built about 1865, a frame bank barn, and several outbuildings. It is a representative example of a type of family farm complex that characterized rural agricultural Carroll County from about 1850 through the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Winemiller Family Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Keefer–Brubaker Farm, also known as the Oscar Fogle Farm, is a historic home and farm complex located at Taneytown, Carroll County, Maryland. It consists of a two-story six-by-two-bay log-and-frame house which is partially encased in brick and rests on a rubble stone foundation Also on the property is a frame summer kitchen, a combination smokehouse/dry house, a frame springhouse, a shop building, a bank barn, a dairy, a hog pen, a tool shed, poultry house, and several more recent buildings. It is a representative example of a family farm complex which spans the period from the late 18th century to the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The McMurray–Frizzell–Aldridge Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It consists of a log house constructed about 1790 and later enlarged, and several 19th and early 20th century domestic and agricultural outbuildings, including a stone summer kitchen, a frame smokehouse, a frame bank barn, a frame wagon shed, a frame hog pen, and a stone spring house.</p><br>
<p>The McMurray–Frizzell–Aldridge Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Meadow Brook Farm, also known as the John Roop Farm or Samuel Roop Farm, is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland. The complex consists of the Victorian farmhouse and several period outbuildings including an 1809 two-story brick washhouse, brick smokehouse, brick privy, and brick tenant house. The house is a two-story brick structure that was built in the Pennsylvania German style about 1805. It has the typical gable roof, symmetrical façade, and L-shaped plan In 1868, the exterior and interior were remodeled to contemporary rural Victorian standards. The house was built during a period of significant immigration of Pennsylvania Germans into Maryland.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In mid December 2016 the house was vandalized causing an estimated $100,000 worth of damage.</p><br>
<p>The John Orendorff Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex consists of a brick house, a brick privy, a brick smokehouse, a frame barn, a frame hog pen, a frame wagon shed, two poultry houses, and a feed house. The house is a five-by-two-bay brick structure, built in 1861 in the Italianate style. It has a -story, six-by-two-bay brick ell on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The John Orendorff Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Rockland Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex consists of a brick house, the stone foundation of an 18th-century springhouse, as well as a large frame barn and a corn crib, both dating to the late 19th century. The house, built in 1795, retains the Pennsylvania German traditional three-room plan with a central chimney. It is a two-story, three-bay by two-bay brick structure on a stone foundation built into a slope.</p><br>
<p>Rockland Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Royer House is a historic home located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was built about 1828, and served dual functions as a farmhouse and a Church of the Brethren meeting house. The house is two stories of brick, with a five-bay by two-bay main section and a three-bay long central rear wing. The rear wing features a double-tiered inset porch on both sides in the two bays adjoining the main section of the house. Also on the property are a late 19th-century corn crib and a large 20th-century barn. The features distinguishing this as a meeting house are the double entrance on the main facade, the folding wood-panel partition walls that open to provide single large space and the extensive kitchen facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Royer House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The McLean House near Appomattox, Virginia is within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. The house was owned by Wilmer McLean and his wife Virginia near the end of the American Civil War. Hosted by Union General Ulysses S. Grant, the house served as the location of the surrender conference for the Confederate army of General Robert E. Lee on April 9, 1865, after a nearby battle.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse represents the historical style of construction in Piedmont Virginia of the mid-nineteenth century. The current building is a reconstructed form of the original using the original materials. It was carefully deconstructed in the 1890s for shipment and display in Washington, D.C., but those plans fell through, and the materials remained on site. In the 1940s, it ended up in the hands of the National Park Service and was reconstructed on its original foundation, opening to the public in 1949. It was recorded in the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The McLean House was originally constructed by Charles Raine in 1848. Eliza D. Raine&#39;s estate sold the house to Wilmer McLean in 1863. It had formerly been a tavern (not to be confused with the nearby Clover Hill Tavern, which Raine had previously owned). One of the first battles of the American Civil War took place on the farm of Wilmer McLean at the Bull Run tributary, the First Battle of Bull Run (First Battle of Manassas). Soon after that battle the McLeans, seeking to avoid the war, moved to the village of Clover Hill, Virginia (the name of which was changed to "Appomattox Court House," having just become the county seat). Because of the name of the village, many mistakenly think the surrender was signed in the courthouse building. (In years past, the county seats of many rural counties, especially in Virginia, had names that were simply the name of the county plus "Court House&quot some of these remain today.) The courthouse is about 3 mi from the Appomattox Station where the trains came into Appomattox, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Because the First Battle of Bull Run, fought on July 21, 1861, took place on Wilmer McLeans farm about 120 mi to the north in Virginia, it can be said that the Civil War started in McLeans backyard in 1861 and ended in his parlor in 1865 (although neither event marked the true beginning or ending of hostilities). McLean was a retired major in the Virginia militia. He was too old to enlist at the outbreak of the Civil War and decided to move to get away from the Civil War. After the war, he would say of himself that he moved because he loved peace, but he made a small fortune running sugar through the Union blockade. He was also a slave owner, and there are slave quarters next to McLean&#39;s house. Nonetheless, in the morning of Palm Sunday April 9, 1865, the war came back to McLean when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at his home.</p><br>
<p>The terms of surrender were: "The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands,"... neither "side arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage" to be surrendered; and, as many privates in the Confederate Army owned horses and mules, all horses and mules claimed by men in the Confederate Army to be left in their possession. The table and chairs used by Lee and Grant when negotiating the surrender are now part of the collections of the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History, and the Chicago History Museum. After the surrender, many Union soldiers purchased some of McLeans furniture; however, some was stolen. McLean sold pictures of his house after the Civil War; however, he failed financially.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Although he had made a considerable fortune smuggling sugar, McLeans money was in Confederate currency, which became worthless with the collapse of the Confederacy, and he was nearly ruined by the end of the war. In the fall of 1867 the McLeans left Appomattox Court House for Mrs. McLeans estate in Prince William County, Virginia. The banking house of Harrison, Goddin, and Apperson of Richmond, Virginia, obtained a judgment against Wilmer McLean when he defaulted on loans against the property. The house, by then known as the "Surrender House", was sold at public auction on November 29, 1869, and purchased by John L. Pascoe. Records show he then rented it to the Ragland family of Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The renter Nathaniel H. Ragland then purchased the property for $1,250 (~$ in ) in 1872. After Nathaniel died in 1888, his widow Martha sold the property in 1891 for $10,000 to a Captain Myron Dunlap of Niagara Falls, New York. Dunlap and some other investors who participated devised a few plans intending to capitalize on the historical significance of the property. One scheme they came up with was to move the disassembled house to Washington, D.C., to become a permanent display as a Civil War museum. There they would charge entrance fees to view the "surrender house" that ended the Civil War. They hired architects to measure drawings including elevations. They also hired contractors for materials specifications lists. The house was disassembled piece by piece and packed for shipping. At this point the investors involved ran out of money and legal problems came about. This scheme was never brought to fruition. The house became just a heaping piles of boards and bricks and sat prey to vandals, collectors, and the environment for fifty years.</p><br>
<h2>Appomattox Court House National Historical Park</h2><br>
<p>Appomattox Court House National Historical Park was created by Congress on April 10, 1940. It included approximately 970 acre at the village once known as Clover Hill. The meticulous reconstruction archeological work began at the site in 1941 amongst overgrown brushes and honeysuckle. One of the first steps was to collect historical data so architectural plans could be drawn up to work from. From the original materials salvable the project included some five thousand original bricks.</p><br>
<p>The project came to an abrupt stop on December 7, 1941, with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces. The United States entered into World War II. Bids for the reconstruction of the McLean House were reopened on November 25, 1947, and work continued. Eighty-four years after the historic surrender, reuniting the country, the McLean House was opened by the National Park Service for the first time to the public on April 9, 1949. In front of a crowd of approximately twenty thousand people a speech was given by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Douglas Southall Freeman. A ribbon was cut by the guests of honor at the dedication ceremony by Major General Ulysses S. Grant III and Robert E. Lee IV on April 16, 1950. The McLean House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Bacon Custers will of November 18, 1926, presented to the Probate court of New York City on May 11, 1933, stated: "the two flags of truce, one made of a white towel and the other of a white handkerchief, which were used on the occasion of the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, and also a table on which the surrender of General Lee to General Grant was written." The will further explained that these items were at the Memorial Hall of the War Department Building in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>A McLean house marker is at the front gate to the house. The inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>blockquote</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The McLean House has meaningful value because of its association with the site of General Robert E. Lee&#39;s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. It also preserves the distinctive characteristics embodying the style and method of construction typical in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century as well as being typical of a county government seat of that time period. It also represents a typical farming community in Virginia of the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern with its guest house and slave quarters are structures within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park in Appomattox County, Virginia. They were registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was built by two brothers as a stagecoach stop for the line they started in 1809 between Richmond and Lynchburg, Virginia. They had bought a farm at Clover Hill which was halfway between these town. It came with a small building that served as headquarters for their enterprise. This was expanded into a tavern and a guest house inn for travelers. It was a popular rest stop and prospered, eventually turning into a village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tavern originally opened in 1819 on the Richmond-Lynchburg Road for travelers and is the oldest original structure in the village of Appomattox Court House, with the exception of the Sweeney Prizery outside of the local of the village but within the Park. The Clover Hill Tavern inn grew and farmhouses grew up around it soon after it opened. It was built by Alexander Patteson and his brother Lilburne Patteson as a stagecoach stop for the line between Cumberland County and Lynchburg.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, on Palm Sunday, the rapidly approaching end of the Civil War changed the prosperity of the Clover Hill Tavern with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant. The Generals arranged a meeting to be held in town at the McLean House so Lee could formally surrender his troops to Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War. Approximately thirty thousand paroles for the Confederate soldiers were printed in the Clover Hill Tavern.</p><br>
<p>At the time of General Lee&#39;s surrender to Union commander Grant in 1865 the Tavern and its associated outbuildings were owned by Wilson Hix.</p><br>
<p>Billy Hix, Wilson&#39;s son, was the sheriff of the village of Appomattox Court House then. Brigadier General George H. Sharpe, as head of the Bureau of Military Information and Assistant Provost Marshal, made the Clover Hill Tavern his headquarters starting on April 10, 1865. Sharpe was designated by Grant to oversee the printing of parole passes which were issued to the Confederate veterans. Research by historians of the Park reveal that perhaps the paroles were printed in the wooden dining room wing at the west end of the Tavern that no longer is there. The paroles allowed the surrendered Confederate soldiers to travel unmolested to their homes.</p><br>
<p>A National Park Service marker at the front entrance of the Clover Hill Tavern reads:</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern with its guest house and slave quarters have special meaning in American history as designated by the National Park Service under their criteria by embodying the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and method of construction in the mid nineteenth century. The buildings and resources constitute a typical farming community of Virginia as well as a government seat (county "court house" seat) of the nineteenth century in the United States. They were all registered and documented in the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Physical description</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern is constructed of local brick laid in a Flemish bond. The two-story structure has a full attic. It is 39 ft wide by 23 ft deep. The south facade is four-bays with a full-length porch. Brick foundation piers support the porch.</p><br>
<p>The wood shingle roofs cover both the porch and building. The wood shingle roof on the main building is supported by a corbelled brick cornice.</p><br>
<p>The gable ends have rakes with dentils. The east and west gable ends have external, centered, brick chimneys. The wood paneled doors have fan lights above are found on the south and west sides. There is original stenciling and painting exposed on the plaster in the western room stair enclosure. There is evidence of graining on all the interior trim.</p><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern structure has four bays on each floor. It has a full length porch on the first floor which is supported on brick foundation piers. The windows are non-operable louvered with two panels. The west side has an entrance with the south side being the main entrance. The rear of the building is identical to the front, except in reverse. The building has a full attic and no cellar. The Clover Hill Tavern was restored in 1954 by the Park.</p><br>
<h2>Guest house and kitchen</h2><br>
<p>The guest house building was reconstructed and renovated in 1954 and rehabilitated in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The self-standing separate structure is located northwest of the Clover Hill Tavern, which was refurbished in 1953. The first floor was an additional kitchen and the second story was used for additional guest rooms. It is 32 ft wide and 18 ft deep. It has a full finish attic, but no cellar.</p><br>
<p>The south side has four bay windows on the second floor with two board and batten doors at the center flanked sash windows. The first floor has three bay windows with two board and batten doors with one sash window at the west end. There are steps to the second porch at the east end of the first floor. The gable end elevations have centered projecting chimneys with no openings. There are two rooms on each of the first two stories. There is a huge fireplace in the bigger room on the first floor. The fireplace has an original iron crane and no trim nor mantel. The other room on the first floor also has a fireplace. The baseboards in the rooms are almost six inches high and come with a quirk bead. There is only an exterior staircase to the upper stories. A wood shingle gable roof with a box cornice covers the 3-story guest house structure.</p><br>
<h2>Clover Hill Tavern slave quarters</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern slave quarters is a single-story frame cabin with an attic that was originally constructed in 1819. It is 15 ft wide by 28 ft deep. It is four bays with a central fireplace and chimney. The cabin is sheathed in random board and batten. The roof is square-butt wood shingles and finished with plain box cornices and rake boards.</p><br>
<p>The slave quarters contributes to the Tavern and the Clover Hill village scene as it was at the time of the surrender of General Lee to General Grant in 1865. The present structure is a reconstruction of the 1819 slave quarters that was rebuilt in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Brown, Ann Eckert, American Wall Stenciling, 1790–1840, UPNE, 2003,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>The Old Appomattox Court House is a former county courthouse within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. In the 1800s this structure gave the surrounding village its name, Appomattox Court House. Built in 1846, the structure served as the courthouse for Appomattox County, Virginia. Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army nearby in 1865, during the closing stages of the American Civil War, but the courthouse was closed that day and was not used in the proceedings. The village where the old courthouse was located had entered a state of decline in the 1850s after being bypassed by a railroad, and when the courthouse burned down in 1892, the county government was moved to Appomattox, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Rebuilt in 1963 and 1964, the structure now serves as the visitor center for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. As rebuilt, the courthouse is a two-story building with brick walls, a concrete foundation, and a tin roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1845, Appomattox County, Virginia was established. The county seat was the village of Clover Hill, where the government buildings were to be constructed. The contract for the construction of the courthouse was given to the lowest bidder, whose name is lost to history. Built largely in the Georgian style with elements of Greek Revival design, the courthouse was two stories tall and made from brick. When Confederate military officer Robert E. Lee surrendered to Federal forces at Appommattox in the final days of the American Civil War, the courthouse was closed and was not used in the proceedings.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 and 1964, the courthouse was rebuilt, and it is now the visitor center for Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. Additional work to the building occurred in 1986, 1995, and 2001. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As rebuilt, the courthouse is still two-stories tall. Its walls are made from brick, with a concrete foundation and a tin roof. Overall dimensions are 50 ft by 40 ft. On the second story are porches, which are reached from the ground by flights of stone stairs. The second story is the main floor, and doors lead from the porches to the inside of the building. The roof is a hip roof and is supported by a cornice. A chimney is located on either end of the building. The building&#39;s windows have wooden lintels and sills made from limestone. The shutters on the windows are non-operable.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>de:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>es:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>it:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>ja:アポマトックス・コートハウス</p><br>
<p>pl:Appomattox Court House</text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>37.377500,-78.796000</coord></p><br>
<p>The Charles Sweeney Cabin is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Sweeney was the uncle of Joel Sweeney, the person that popularized the five-string American banjo. In the 1840s the Sweeney clan lived on the stagecoach road northeast of Clover Hill, the name of the village now known as the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. John Sweeney, a wheelwright and Charles brother, lived in the old family home on the north bank of the Appomattox river with his wife and four children. When Joel was not touring the country entertaining he would stay at Johns cabin. Just up the road the four children of Johns, being nephews and nieces of Charles, could see their uncles small cabin. Charles lived in the tiny cabin with his wife and two remaining children. Charles Sweeney&#39;s older son Robert, a left-handed fiddle player, lived in even a smaller cabin with his wife and baby daughter downhill from John. Charles Sweeney was born in 1794 as was his wife, Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Pictured is Charles Sweeney, born 1837 to Charles Sweeney and Mary A. Staples. This was his cabin at the time of the surrender. He was a Confederate soldier and recently married to Martha J. Bryant, daughter of James Bryant and Susan Layne.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service states the Charles Sweeney Cabin is meaningful by virtue of its association with the site of General Robert E. Lee&#39;s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. There is some evidence, in the form of a circa 1930 post card, which indicates that General Fitzhugh Lee and his staff stayed in this house the night before the surrender. It was originally built between 1830 and 1840 by Charles Sweeney, altered between 1940 and 1950, and restored in 1988 and 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Sweeney Cabin is a single-story one-room structure with a loft. It is about twenty feet wide by about eighteen feet deep. The cabin is a post and beam hall house set on dry-laid fieldstone pier foundation, typical of what was in rural Virginia in the nineteenth century. The hall house consists of a "hall" or keeping room, that was the main room of the cabin. It served as an assortment of various rooms when needed; consisting of a living room, dining room, kitchen, workroom and bedroom. Cooking was done in a fireplace that was set to one end of the large room.</p><br>
<p>A rough, crudely quoined, fieldstone chimney extends to the second floor and above with brick. There are windows on the north, south and east sides. The south and east sides have single four-paneled doors. The interior of the cabin is in good condition. The roof is made of oak shakes, square-butted, and is supported at the eaves by a box cornice. The ends are covered with scribed end boards.</p><br>
<p>The one-room interior of the Charles Sweeney Cabin has a loft accessible in the northwest corner by a dog-leg stairway. The stairway has many of its original balusters. It also has original trim on the stringers, the structural member of the stairway that supports the treads and risers. The square newel and rail are formed from one piece of an oak branch. There is a small closet under the staircase that has its original four-paneled door with concave, quarter-circle corners on the raised panels.</p><br>
<p>All the inside of the "hall" room exposed to the eye is whitewashed. The door and window surrounds suggest the cabin was intended to be, but never was, plastered. The east side has a four-paneled door which is flanked by 6/6 double hanging sash windows. The east side has a single centered four-panel door on the main floor that opens directly into the multi-purpose keeping room. Above is a six-light (eight foot by twelve inch) casement. The north side has a single 6/6 double hanging window. Hewn oak L-formed corner posts and knee braces alternate with the secondary members made of pine.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Farrar, Stuart McDearmon, Historical Notes of Appomattox County, Virginia, self-published by Farrar, 1989, Original from the University of Virginia</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Howard, Blair et al., The Virginia Handbook, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, Tyler&#39;s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1952</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>37.378611,-78.796389</coord></p><br>
<p>The Jones Law Office, also known as the Lorenzo D. Kelly House,</p><br>
<p>The one room structure is historically significant to the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park and was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Appomattox Court House National Historical Park declares there are three of the National Register Criteria that make the structure historically significant.</p><br>
<p>Criteria A - It has meaningful value because of its association with the site of the surrender of the Confederacy&#39;s supreme military commander and its principal army, which represented the conclusion of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Criteria B - It has meaningful value because of its association with the site of the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee and his subordinate commanders to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, future President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Criteria C - It preserves the distinctive characteristics of embodying the period and method of construction typical in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century. It is considered typical of a county government seat and of a typical farming community in mid-nineteenth century Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jones Law Office is a single story structure furnished on the first floor as a simple home of a mid-nineteenth century craftsman. It has a centered entry door with a single window on the side. The hall house is one room deep and is of post and beam construction. The house comes with a full attic and a raised cellar. It is about twenty one and a half feet wide and seventeen and a half feet deep. The west side elevation is centered with an end gable exterior sandstone chimney. It has an enclosed cellar entry with a shed roof.</p><br>
<p>The typical single residence one story pedimented house has an entry porch at the center entry. It is sheathed in unpainted weatherboards with five to five and a half inch exposure. The gable roof is covered with round-butt wood shingles with box cornice and crown moulding at the eaves and simple rake with ogee moulding at the gable ends. The first floor windows are 6/6 double hung sashes without shutters. A similar 6/9 double hung sash window is on the principal floor. The attic story on the gable ends has four-light upward-swinging casement sashes. The basement sashes are four-light hoppers.</p><br>
<p>The rear door on the south side has a centered four-paneled door providing to the first floor and another pair of cellar casements of three light.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance on the north side has a porch with facing pediment covered in clapboards with two six-inch square posts and two six foot by three inch pilasters, simple one foot by three-quarter inch balusters. It has a heavy rounded rail on the side only and four riser steps. Flanking the porch to the west is a 6/9 sash window. No windows have shutters. The interior has been restored, however due to its age it has little integrity. The structure exterior was restored in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Chaffin, Tom, 2006. Sea of Gray: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah, Hill and Wang/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>37.378611,-78.796389</coord></p><br>
<p>The Peers House is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Peers House was constructed in 1855. Samuel D. McDearmon originally sold the house to William Abbitt, who then in turn sold the house to D. A. Plunkett in 1856. When General Lee surrendered to General Grant the house on a hilltop overlooking the village of Appomattox Court House, once owned by Sheriff Plunkett, was owned and occupied by a George Peers. Peers was able to obtain the house at public auction for non-payment of loans in 1870 after Plunkett&#39;s death.</p><br>
<h3>George T. Peers</h3><br>
<p>George T. Peers was a well known Appomattox County clerk for some forty years. Historian Nathaniel Ragland Featherston writes in his book Appomattox County History and Genealogy that between the close of the Civil War and the time the original "court house" burned down (1892) there was a group of a dozen or so town&#39;s people in the village of Appomattox Court House that socially were like one big happy family. Among these key village people was Peers.</p><br>
<p>Historian William Marvel writes in his book A Place Called Appomattox that Peers was the longest standing court clerk. He says Peers remembers the "court house" as standing forty feet square as he drew a map of the village of Appomattox Court House ("Clover Hill").</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service states that the Peers House has importance by virtue of its association with the site of General Robert E. Lee&#39;s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. The Confederate soldiers marched past the house on the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road to go into battle on April 9, 1865. This is where they stacked their arms on April 12, 1865. One of the last artillery shots fired by the Confederate Northern Virginia killed Lieutenant Hiram Clark of the 185th New York Infantry near the Peers house on the morning of April 9, 1865.</p><br>
<p>The Peers House embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and method of construction of mid-nineteenth century rural Virginia. The building with its resources is considered typical of both a county government seat and of a farming community in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Peers House has many of the same characteristics as the Bocock-Isbell House, which is nearby. The two story house is thirty four feet wide by eighteen feet deep and is of post and beam construction. It is built on a brick raised basement almost 6 feet above grade. The house is finished with a narrow wood siding with an almost five inch exposure. The house comes with an attic.</p><br>
<p>The Peers House has single step external end chimneys and with its narrow wood siding. The west side has a temple form entry porch raised to the first floor. There are simple box posts that support the pedimented gable over the porch. The porch gable and main roof are covered with square-butt wood shingles and covers a four-paneled entry door. The windows are a combination of 8/8, 8/12 (first floor west side), 6/9 and 6/6 sash windows. The east side has a porch with a shed roof on the first floor. The house was completely renovated in 1954 and is currently used as staff housing.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Howard, Blair et al., The Virginia Handbook, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, Tyler&#39;s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1952</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>37.378611,-78.796389</coord></p><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House has major importance to the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park by virtue of its association with the history and the site of General Robert E. Lees surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant of the American Civil War. It was constructed in 1849 to 1850 by Thomas S. Bocock and Henry F. Bocock, brothers. Thomas was a member of the United States Congress and Speaker of the Confederate House of Representatives. At the time, Henry was Clerk of the Court for Appomattox County. Lewis Daniel Isbell (1818-1889) was Appomattox County Commonwealth Attorney during the American Civil War (Judge later) and occupied the house at the time General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in 1865. He was Appomattox Countys representative to the Secession Convention of 1861 and voted to secede from the Union.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House has importance because of its distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and method of construction during the nineteenth century in rural Virginia. The building with its resources associated with the Bocock–Isbell House are typical of both a county government seat ("court house") in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century and of a farming community in Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House is much like the Peers House. The post and beam house is a three bay two-story structure. The Bocock–Isbell House is nineteen feet wide by fifty feet deep with a raised basement of brick laid in common bond. The gable roof is covered with wood shingles. The house frame is sheathed by weatherboards. The southeast closet extension has a shed roof, is two and a half feet by six and a half feet.</p><br>
<p>The north (entrance) porch has a flat roof of nearly fifteen feet by ten and a half feet. The south porch has a tin shed roof twenty feet by ten and a half feet. Both porches are on brick piers. The exterior of the house is restored and the interior is reconstructed. The first-floor, second-floor and basement windows are 6/6 DH. The first and second floor windows have shutters. The north facade entry door is a wood door with four raised panels, with a fifteen-light transom above.</p><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House was restored in 1948 to 1949 and preserved in 1992 to 1993. Work was done on it again to stabilize it in 1995 and again it was preserved in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Carroll, Orville W., Historic Structures Report Part III, Architectural Data Section on Mariah Wright House, Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. Ms. on file, National park Service, Chesapeake and Allegheny Systems Support Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1965</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox – Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Farrar, Stuart McDearmon, Historical Notes of Appomattox County, Virginia, self-published by Farrar, 1989, Original from the University of Virginia</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, History of Appomattox, Walsworth Bros., Printers, Marceline, Missouri, 1948</p><br>
<p>Fiero, Kathleen, Archeological Research Mariah Wright House Outbuildings, Historic Roads. National Park Service, Denver Service Center. Denver, Colorado, 1983</p><br>
<p>Glassie, Henry H., Vernacular Architecture, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Howard, Blair et al., The Virginia Handbook, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Schlegel, Marvin W. and Carroll, Orville W., Historic Structures Report Part I, Administrative, Historical, and Architectural Data Mariah Wright House, Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Service, Chesapeake and Allegheny Systems Support Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1959</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, Tyler&#39;s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1952</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>de:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>es:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>it:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>nl:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>ja:アポマトックス・コートハウス</p><br>
<p>pl:Appomattox Court House</text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>37.378611,-78.796389</coord></p><br>
<p>The Appomattox Court House National Historical Park ruins are part of the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Old county jail</h2><br>
<h2>R.J. N. Williams cabin ruin</h2><br>
<h2>McDearmon–Tibbs–Scott house ruin</h2><br>
<p>Samuel D. McDearmon purchased the undeveloped 206 acre "Clover Hill" tract from Hugh Raine in 1846, cutting off 30 acre for a county seat for the new Appomattox county. In 1849 he began improving the now 176 acre property adding $1,056 (~$ in ) worth of buildings. By 1851 he had made improvements totaling $2,800, (~$ in ) likely indicating that the mansion house had been completed. This chronology also corresponds to his known political and financial zenith. Although he offered the tract for sale in October 1854, Jacob Tibbs did not purchase McDearmon&#39;s property until 1856 and then only 140 acre of it, which included the $2800 "improvements." The following year Tibbs&#39;s "improvements" had been reduced to $2000.</p><br>
<h3>Tinsley–Scott Tenant House Ruin #1-West</h3><br>
<h3>Tinsley–Scott Tenant House Ruin #2-East</h3><br>
<h2>Coleman house ruin</h2><br>
<h2>Sweeney dam ruin and mill race</h2><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Richards Medical Research Laboratories, located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, were designed by architect Louis Kahn and are considered to have been a breakthrough in his career. The building is configured as a group of laboratory towers with a central service tower. Brick shafts on the periphery hold stairwells and air ducts, producing an effect reminiscent of the ancient Italian towers that Kahn had painted several years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Rather than being supported by a hidden steel frame, the building has a structure of reinforced concrete that is clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight. Built with precisely formed prefabricated concrete elements, the techniques used in its construction advanced the state of the art for reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<p>Despite observable shortcomings, this building helped set new directions for modern architecture with its clear expression of served and servant spaces and its evocation of the architecture of the past. The Richards Laboratories, along with the associated Goddard Laboratories, which were also designed by Kahn and are treated by architectural historians as the second phase of the Richards project, have been designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the University of Pennsylvania decided it needed a new medical research building, the dean of fine arts recommended Louis Kahn, a highly regarded professor of architecture on the faculty there who had been exploring new approaches for modern architecture. Kahn received the commission for the building in 1957, and it was completed in 1960.</p><br>
<p>It was named the Alfred Newton Richards Medical Research Laboratories Building in honor of a Alfred Newton Richards, a researcher and former chairman of the Department of Pharmacology. It quickly received widespread acclaim from the architectural community but also criticism from the scientists who occupied it.</p><br>
<p>Completed when Kahn was almost 60, this was his first work to achieve international acclaim. In 1961, the Museum of Modern Art sponsored an exhibition devoted exclusively to it, describing it in the museum&#39;s brochure as "probably the single most consequential building constructed in the United States since the war." In 1962, Vincent Scully, an influential Yale University professor of architecture, called it "one of the greatest buildings of modern times."</p><br>
<p>The David Goddard Laboratories were also designed by Louis Kahn and were completed in 1965. Although considered to be separate buildings by the university, the Richards and Goddard Laboratories are physically connected and, with similar designs, have the appearance of being a single unit. The Goddard building is generally treated by architectural historians simply as the second phase of the Richards project. It was named in honor of David Rockwell Goddard, a professor of Botany who also served as university provost and who was the main force in planning and raising funds for it.</p><br>
<p>The Richards Medical Research Laboratories and the David Goddard Laboratories were together declared a National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009. They are also contributing properties to the University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In the Richards building, laboratories are housed in three towers attached in pinwheel formation to a central fourth tower that houses mechanical systems, research animals, stairs and elevators. Each laboratory tower has eight floors, each of which is a 45 foot square that is entirely free of stairs, elevators and internal support columns. Each tower is supported by eight external columns that are attached to the four edges of each floor at "third-point" locations, the two points on each side that divide it into three equal parts. That placement resulted in four column-free cantilevered corners on each floor, which Kahn filled with windows. The support structure of these towers consists of pre-stressed concrete elements that were fabricated off-site and assembled on-site with a crane.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the sides of the laboratory towers are large vertical shafts, some of which hold exhaust ducts and some of which hold stairwells. These shafts, the most striking aspect of the building&#39;s exterior, are made from cast-in-place concrete and clad with brick.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the three laboratory towers, which have prominent windows and intricate structures that were assembled from prefabricated elements, the central tower of the Richards building, the one devoted to service functions, has few windows and a structure that is a single unit of cast-in-place concrete. Attached to its wall farthest from the three laboratory towers are four large air intake shafts, each bringing air to one of four conditioning units on the tower&#39;s roof from a "nostril" near the ground, far away from the emissions at the tops of the exhaust shafts. Three of those conditioning units provide fresh air for the three laboratory towers and the fourth serves the central service tower itself.</p><br>
<p>The Goddard building has the same basic design as Richards. Its two laboratory towers and service tower (for stairs, elevators, etc.) are connected in a straight line to the westernmost tower of the Richards building. A research library is located in Goddards upper floors with reading carrels that cantilever from the buildings face.</p><br>
<p>Emily Cooperman, a specialist in historic preservation on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, authored the document that nominated the Richards and Goddard buildings together as a National Historic Landmark. In it she says that "observers immediately understood them to be a profound statement of American architectural style that provided a potent design alternative to International Modernism, chiefly as it was embodied in the work of Mies van der Rohe (and in particular as it was epitomized by his Seagram Building)". This design alternative was provided, she notes, through their clear expression of served and servant spaces, their evocation of the architecture of the past, and their structure of reinforced concrete that is clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight, approaches that "countered the philosophy of International Modernism of undifferentiated, universal space and volume and of the minimization of the appearance of weight and load through such constructional devices as the glass curtain wall and the predominance of structural steel."</p><br>
<p>According to Thomas Leslie, author of Louis I. Kahn: Building Art, Building Science, "he debates that it inspired and the legions of designers who sought to learn from its example made Richards—for all its well-documented flaws—among the most influential of Kahn&#39;s works."</p><br>
<h3>Served and servant spaces</h3><br>
<p>Robert McCarter, author of Louis I. Kahn, says, "A breakthrough building for Kahn, this design saw his first clear articulation of the concept of servant and served spaces". The served spaces are the laboratories themselves. The servant spaces are the independently structured shafts for ventilation and stairways that are attached to the outside of the laboratory towers and also the two service towers, which house elevators, animal quarters, mechanical systems, and other auxiliary areas. Kahn spoke critically of laboratories that were designed so that numbers on doors along a corridor are the only distinction between the scientists&#39; main work areas and the areas for stairs, animal quarters and other services.</p><br>
<p>By placing service areas in separate structures, Kahn not only honored the services by giving them their own architectural presence but also enhanced the interior of the laboratory towers by removing obstructions from within. This concept has been an acknowledged influence on several younger architects, especially Richard Rogers, who took this idea even farther and designed or co-designed major buildings with service areas fully exposed on the exterior, such as the Lloyd&#39;s of London building and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.</p><br>
<h3>Evoking the past</h3><br>
<p>Carter Wiseman, author of Louis I. Kahn: Beyond Time and Style, says the perfection of form achieved by Modern architecture at that time had seemingly led the profession to a creative dead end, a situation he summarized by noting that, "There was really nowhere to go from the elegantly reductive principles of Mies van der Rohes Seagram Building." Kahn, who up to this point had been an influential professor of architecture but not yet a major architect, had been teaching that part of the problem was that too many architects were turning their backs on the past. With the Richards Medical Research Laboratories Kahn showed a way forward with a design that was clearly in the Modern style and yet evoked images from the past. The buildings towers in particular reminded many observers of the centuries-old towers of San Gimignano, Italy, which Kahn had painted several years earlier. Wiseman says, "the Richards towers offered the tantalizing possibility that the heart could be restored to the mind of Modern architecture, largely through the acknowledgement that history—at least in abstracted form—still had something to offer."</p><br>
<p>While studying the classic architecture of Italy, Greece and Egypt during a visit in the early 1950s, a few years prior to his work on the Richards Laboratories, Kahn was so moved by the results that had been obtained in the past by thick and massive building materials that he decided to forego the thin and light-weight materials that were most typical of Modern architecture and instead base his work on concrete and masonry. The Richards building, with its structure of concrete, is accordingly reminiscent of the past not only in appearance but also in substance. Moreover, much of it is faced with red brick, a standard building material of earlier times, especially on college campuses, but one that was almost never used in important Modern buildings at that time.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>In contrast to buildings in the style of International Modernism, which typically had structures of relatively light-weight steel frames that were often hidden behind glass walls, the laboratory towers have concrete structures that are clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight. This was the first of several outstanding buildings that Kahn and Komendant worked on together, two of which won the prestigious Twenty-five Year Award given by the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>The structure of the Richards building is composed of 1019 pre-stressed concrete columns, beams, trusses and related items that were trucked in from a factory, assembled with a crane like childrens blocks, and locked into place with post-tensioning cables running in all three dimensions, something like an old-style toy that is floppy until its parts are pulled together tightly with a string. In line with his belief that structure should be made visible, Kahn exposed these structural parts on the buildings exterior and in the laboratory ceilings. For the post-tensioning to be effective, the prefabricated concrete parts had to be precisely dimensioned and perfectly formed. Komendant worked closely with the manufacturer to ensure that outcome, with the result that the largest offset between any two elements in the finished structure was only 1/16 in. The Architectural Record noted that the precision achieved seemed more typical of cabinet making than concrete construction.</p><br>
<p>The entryway for the Richards building is in the middle laboratory tower. Kahn left the entire ground floor of that tower open as an entry porch and exposed the structural elements in its ceiling so the public could see how the building was constructed. Particularly interesting are the Vierendeel trusses that support each floor and whose large rectangular openings allow ducts and pipes to be easily routed through the laboratory ceilings.</p><br>
<h3>Shortcomings</h3><br>
<p>Although widely recognized by the architectural community as embodying important new ideas, the Richards Laboratories had significant shortcomings from the viewpoint of the scientists who worked there. Part of the problem was Kahns lack of experience with the design of research laboratories. Kahn hoped the scientists who were to occupy the new labs would provide him some direction during exploratory meetings, but he noted that they seemed more interested in asking him questions than in giving definite answers to the questions he asked them. Komendant recalled that Kahns first question to him during this project was, "Doctor, what is a medical laboratory? Have you had any experience in this field?"</p><br>
<p>Because the building was intended to serve several departments, Kahn found himself having to satisfy several department heads who did not always agree among themselves, and he had to do so without the benefit of a strong overall project leader. Significantly in light of later criticisms about excessive heat and sunlight in the labs, these last-minute cost-cutting changes included a reduction in insulation, the elimination of window blinds and the replacement of insulated glass with regular glass.</p><br>
<p>The best-known shortcoming is the glare of sunlight in many of the labs. Kahn fervently believed in the importance of natural light and strongly preferred to work by a window himself, "refusing to switch on an electric light even on the darkest of days." Although he designed the labs to have an abundance of natural light, he was aware of the potential of having too much sunlight and worked to prevent it. The screening material that he planned to use, however, was cut from the budget, and glare has been a persistent issue. The occupants have handled the problem in uncoordinated fashion by taping sheets of paper to the windows, hanging curtains and placing shelves and equipment in front of the windows. A major preoccupation of Kahn&#39;s subsequent career was finding ways of avoiding glare by providing natural light indirectly.</p><br>
<p>Another shortcoming stemmed from Kahn&#39;s belief that scientists would work better in an open studio setting if given the chance. He designed each floor of the laboratory towers potentially as one large room and trusted that the scientists would see the desirability of keeping it that way to encourage the interchange of ideas. Most scientists disliked that approach, however, preferring privacy and even secrecy, so partitions were put in place on almost all floors. Kahn was so sure that his approach was the right one that he continued to speak of it afterwards as an important aspect of the design.</p><br>
<p>Kahn left the carefully organized pipes and ducts in the ceilings of each floor fully exposed to view, partly as an architectural statement and partly to make it easier to reconfigure laboratory equipment when necessary. Several departments installed dropped ceilings anyway; the microbiology labs, which require strict dust control, were especially in need of them. The partitions and dropped ceilings together interfered with the planned air circulation patterns in the towers, a problem that was not resolved until a renovation in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Because of a reduced budget for the Goddard building, Kahn was forced to make some changes to its design that have reduced its interest to architectural historians, who have written much less about it than about the Richards building. Differences between the two buildings are especially noticeable in the cantilevered corners of the laboratory towers, which have a plainer aspect in the Goddard building. In addition, the administration required Kahn to work on the Goddard building in association with an engineering and construction firm, leaving him unable to assert his usual painstaking control over the construction process and resulting in a lower standard of finish detail. Plywood was used to create the forms for poured concrete in the Goddard building, for example, whereas Kahn had used carefully selected planks for that purpose at Richards to create a more interesting concrete finish. As a result, the Goddard building "employs a simplified and visually heavier precast structural system" than the Richards building and "does not possess the same elegant character".</p><br>
<p>The Robert and Phyllis Scott House is a historic home located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is situated atop a ridge on a heavily wooded lot and is a two-story, "butterfly roof", five-bay by two-bay rectangular International Style building set on piers, with several rooms on grade in the center of the house. The house was constructed in 1953–54 to the design of architect Henry Hebbeln of New York.</p><br>
<p>The Robert and Phyllis Scott House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Weaver–Fox House is a historic home located at Uniontown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is a simplified Victorian Italianate villa, two stories high with a hip roof. It features two chimneys flanking a rectangular, hipped roof cupola. The house was built during the years 1874 and 1875 as the home of Dr. Jacob J. Weaver, Jr., a country physician.</p><br>
<p>The Weaver–Fox House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Trevanion is a historic home located at Uniontown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Trevanion is a -story brick dwelling with an asymmetrical central hall plan with a tower. The original 1817 house was converted in 1855 to the "villa style" then popular in America, incorporating a combination of Italianate and Gothic architecture elements. Reflecting this is a brick tower and an adjoining gable end projection. In 1857, a -story wing was added. "Trevanion" is a family name and a term meaning "the meeting of streams" in Welsh. The farm was previously known as "Brick Mills", and was owned by the family of slave trader George Kephart, who may have been born there.</p><br>
<p>Trevanion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph and Mary Jane League House, also known as the League House, is located in Macon, Georgia. It is significant for its architecture and for its association with two of the first female architects in Georgia: Ellamae Ellis League and her daughter Jean League Newton. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 2009</p><br>
<p>It was featured in a July 1953 article in the magazine Progressive Architecture. It was also included in the 1954 book Quality Budget Houses. It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July 2008. It is also a contributing property within the Shirley Hills Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Pipe Creek Friends Meetinghouse is an historic Friends meeting house located at Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story brick structure in Flemish bond on a stone foundation. The meetinghouse was begun in 1771 and completed the next year. A fire in October 1934 destroyed the interior, but the original benches were saved. The founders of the meetinghouse were immigrants from the north of Ireland. It was the Quaker meetinghouse attended by a great-grandfather of President Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<p>The Pipe Creek Friends Meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Springfield Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Sykesville, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The church was built in 1836 and is a 3-story structure constructed of uncoursed rubble stone covered in stucco. It served as the area&#39;s first school as well as the building of worship for the Presbyterian congregation. The church was founded by immigrants from Scotland and the church holds cultural events to celebrate its Scottish heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Springfield Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Kay Moor, also known as Kaymoor, is the site of an abandoned coal mine, coal-processing plant, and coal town near Fayetteville, West Virginia. The town site is located in the New River Gorge at Kaymoor Bottom. It is linked to the mine portal 560 ft above on Sewell Bench in the wall of the Gorge by conveyors.</p><br>
<p>The mine exploited the New River Coalfields Sewell Seam of "smokeless" low-volatile bituminous coal, while the town site was accessible only by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railways mainline in the gorge. The last portion of the Kay Moor complex, Kaymoor Top was located at the gorge rim and served as the terminus for the mountain haulage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mine property was purchased in 1873 by Abiel Abbot Low, managing director of the Low Moor Iron Company in Low Moor, Virginia, which was to be the mines chief client. The property was kept in reserve until 1899, when the Kay Moor mine was opened to supply coal and coke to the companys blast furnaces. In 1925, the mine was sold to the New River and Pocahontas Consolidated Coal Company, a subsidiary of the Berwind-White Corporation of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The town was named for James Kay, a Low Moor Iron Company employee, who was in charge of building the town. Fifty houses were built in 1901, followed by 45 in 1902 and 17 in 1905. A suburb, called New Camp, was built in 1918-1919 with another 19-24 houses, and represents the only extant town site remaining. Kay Moor town&#39;s public facilities were spartan, with no churches, saloons, banks, or town hall, only pairs of segregated schools at top and bottom, company stores, a pool hall and a ball field. By 1952, Kaymoor Bottom had been abandoned, and in 1960, most of its structures were destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The mine was connected to the town by a single-track incline, which lifted workers and equipment up a 1,000 ft slope at a 30° incline. Coal was moved along a similar double-track incline, which lowered coal to the processing plant and the coke ovens, with the cars or monitors moving in opposite directions and partially counterbalancing each other. Both inclines operated until 1962. Initial operations included 120 coking ovens, which were increased to 202 ovens during World War I. All of the beehive ovens closed in the 1930s, as they had become obsolete.</p><br>
<p>The mine itself was a room and pillar mine that was first worked with mule-drawn railcars. Locomotives later supplanted the mules.</p><br>
<h2>Kay Moor today</h2><br>
<p>The site is now extensively overgrown and obscured by foliage. Structures and machinery have deteriorated due to the corrosive interaction of coal dust and rainwater, while the bench level was salvaged in 1980-81. Despite this, the site retains significant amounts of mining machinery and is considered one of the most complete examples of an integrated coal mine and company town in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The entire Kay Moor site is now located within the boundaries of New River Gorge National Park and Preserve.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting Kay Moor</h2><br>
<p>Kaymoor Top is accessible from Kaymoor No. 1 Road (County Route 9/2). At Kaymoor Top, a trailhead for the Kaymoor Miners Trail provides the most direct access to the Kaymoor Mine level (via stairs and switchbacks), and then to Kaymoor Bottom via stairs. The Kaymoor Mine level is also accessible via the 2 mi long, relatively flat, Kaymoor Trail; a trailhead is located on County Route 82.</p><br>
<p>The Ludwick Rudisel Tannery House, also known as Motter Place, is a historic home located at Taneytown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The main block is constructed of brick on a fieldstone foundation, five bays in length, two deep, with an original slate roof, built about 1807. Attached is a two-story, two-bay-long brick kitchen. The house features Georgian massing and fine Federal detailing.</p><br>
<p>The Ludwick Rudisel Tannery House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Hampstead School is a historic school located at Hampstead, Carroll County, Maryland. It is a two-story brick building with Tudor Revival stylistic elements, constructed in 1919 and expanded in 1939 It has a U shape with a 1919 rectangular main block and an L-shaped rear addition constructed in 1939. It is a good example of centralized schools that Maryland&#39;s early-20th century school consolidation created. It housed students from first grade through high school until 1956. The property retains many of its outbuildings and is operated as an apartment building for adults 62 and over.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Uniontown Academy is a historic school located at Uniontown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is a one-story building of brick with a stone foundation constructed in 1851 and is said to be a replica of the earlier, 1810 structure. It is three bays wide and three bays long, with a gable roof. The front facade features a "false" front effect with its corbeled or stepped setbacks derived from a traditional Dutch style often seen in the false store fronts of western towns. The property retains many of its outbuildings and is operated as an inn and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Uniontown Academy was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>After its establishment in 1810, Uniontown Academy was an English-speaking school in a predominantly German community.</p><br>
<p>The building was donated by Maud Haines, a local resident, to be a community building and museum. Because of this donation, Historic Uniontown, Inc. was created, which received a grant from the Maryland Historical Trust to restore the building.</p><br>
<p>Carroll County Almshouse and Farm, also known as the Carroll County Farm Museum, is a historic farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland. It consists of a complex of 15 buildings including the main house and dependencies. The 30-room brick main house was originally designed and constructed for use as the county almshouse. It is a long, three-story, rectangular structure, nine bays wide at the first- and second-floor levels of both front and rear façades. It features a simple frame cupola sheltering a farm bell. A separate two-story brick building with 14 rooms houses the original summer kitchen, wash room, and baking room, and may have once housed farm and domestic help. Also on the property is a brick, one-story dairy with a pyramidal roof dominated by a pointed finial of exaggerated height with Victorian Gothic "icing" decorating the eaves; a large frame and dressed stone bank barn; and a blacksmith&#39;s shop, spring house, smokehouse, ice house, and numerous other sheds and dependencies all used as a part of the working farm museum activities. The original Carroll County Almshouse was founded in 1852 and the Farm Museum was established in 1965.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Carroll County Farm Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Carroll County Farm Museum provides the public with the opportunity to experience mid-19th century rural life. It was the first of its kind in Maryland; it opened its doors to the public for the first time on August 13, 1966. Exhibits support the Museum by presenting artifacts with appropriate interpretation, both to show how they once looked, and how they were utilized by farmers and their families in the history of agriculture in Carroll County. Visitors are given the opportunity to explore the collections of horse-powered machines and farm implements used for plowing, planting, and harvesting during the 19th century. The grounds include a croquet lawn, a fish pond, and an heirloom garden. The grounds have hosted the Maryland Wine Festival since 1985.</p><br>
<p>Hagerstown City Park is a public urban park just southwest of the central business district of Hagerstown, Maryland, United States. The park is located at the junction of Virginia Avenue, Key Street, Walnut Street, Prospect Street, and Memorial Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1916, under pressure from the public, the City of Hagerstown purchased land to be used for the City Park. The Maryland State General Assembly passed a bill creating a five-member Park Commission in 1918. Three years later, a swamp in the park was drained creating Lower Lake. And in 1924, Mr. and Mrs. Singer donated the Washington County Museum of Fine Arts to City Park.</p><br>
<p>City Park has been called "America&#39;s Second Most Beautiful City Park" and has been designated as a local Preservation Design District since 1989. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous walking paths and playgrounds in the park as well as athletic facilities such as lighted tennis courts and a baseball field. An outdoor concert stage which holds city events is located in the center of City Park. Also within the park is Park Plaza, a luxury condominium complex. Also available in the park are walking trails, paddle boats, and even fitness events.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, many of Hagerstown&#39;s most visited museums can be found within City Park:</p><br>
<p>Washington County Museum of Fine Arts</p><br>
<p>Mansion House Art Gallery</p><br>
<p>Western Maryland 202 Locomotive Display and Museum</p><br>
<p>Hager House and Museum, once home to Jonathan Hager, founder of Hagerstown.</p><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam Number 1 is a hydroelectric dam on the Ocoee River in Polk County in the USA state of Tennessee. The dam impounds the 1,930 acre Parksville Reservoir  and is the farthest downstream of four dams on the Toccoa/Ocoee River owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. Completed in 1911, Ocoee No. 1 was one of the first hydroelectric projects in Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ocoee No. 1 is located approximately 12 mi upstream from the mouth of the Ocoee, in an area where the river emerges from its winding trek through the Appalachian Mountains and enters the Tennessee Valley. The community of Parksville is located on the north side of the dam, and Chattanooga is roughly 30 mi to the west. The Ocoee Scenic Byway&mdash;part of USA Route 64&mdash;passes just north of the dam. Parksville Lake extends for several miles eastward up the Ocoee and several miles southward up Baker Creek, which once emptied into the Ocoee just upstream from the dam. Ocoee Dam No. 2 is located just over 12 mi upstream from Ocoee No. 1.</p><br>
<h2>Capacity</h2><br>
<p>The dam is 135 ft high and 840 ft long and has a generating capacity of 24,000 kilowatts, up from an original 19,200 kilowatts after being refurbished in 1989-91. Parksville Lake has 109 mi of shoreline, and the lake&#39;s water levels fluctuate by about 9 ft per year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rapid growth of industry in Chattanooga in the late 19th century and early 20th century brought an increasing demand for electricity, and the rapid-flowing Ocoee River&mdash;which passes through a gorge in the mountains 30 mi east of the city&mdash;was considered a prime candidate for hydroelectric power by the regions early electric companies. In 1910, the C.M. Clark Company, an electrical transportation holding firm, formed the Eastern Tennessee Power Company to build two hydroelectric dams on the Ocoee and market their electricity output primarily to Chattanooga. Work on Ocoee Dam No. 1 began later that year and was completed in late December 1911. On January 27, 1912, the dams four units began commercial operation. A fifth unit was added in 1914. The five units provided a total capacity of 18 MW. Power was distributed primarily to Chattanooga and also to Knoxville, Nashville, and Rome, Georgia, as well as the aluminum industries in Alcoa. A coal burning station known as the Parksville Steam Plant was built adjacent to the dam in 1916 to provide generation during periods of low water flow. It was last used in 1954.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the Eastern Tennessee Power Company and several other entities merged to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO), which overhauled the dam in the 1930s. In 1933, the TVA Act created the Tennessee Valley Authority and gave the Authority oversight of the Tennessee River watershed, which includes the Ocoee River. The head of TEPCO, Jo Conn Guild, was vehemently opposed to the creation of TVA, and with the help of attorney Wendell Willkie challenged the constitutionality of the TVA Act in federal court. The USA Supreme Court upheld the TVA Act, however, in its 1939 decision Tennessee Electric Power Company v. TVA. On August 16, 1939, TEPCO was forced to sell its assets to TVA for $78 million (equivalent to $ in ), which included $2.68 million (equivalent to $ in ) for Ocoee Dam No. 1.</p><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam Number 2 is a hydroelectric dam on the Ocoee River in Polk County in the USA state of Tennessee. The dam impounds the Ocoee No. 2 Reservoir and is one of three dams on the Toccoa/Ocoee River owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. It was completed in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam No. 2 utilizes a wooden flume that carries water from the reservoir down the side of the Ocoee Gorge to the dams powerhouse 5 mi downstream. It is situated at the center of one of the nations top whitewater rafting locations, and the dam&#39;s releases help to maintain consistent rapids on the river during warmer months.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam No. 2 is located 24 mi above the mouth of the Ocoee River, near the center of the Ocoee Gorge, a steep-sided valley sliced as the Ocoee winds its way westward through the Appalachian Mountains. Ocoee No. 2 is 12 mi upstream from Ocoee Dam No. 1 and 5 mi downstream from Ocoee Dam No. 3. The flume connecting Ocoee Dam No. 2 to its powerhouse winds its way along the cliffs overlooking the south side of the gorge before dropping the water to the powerhouse 5 mi downstream from the dam. The dam and reservoir are surrounded by the Cherokee National Forest, and the only major road access is provided via the Ocoee Scenic Byway, a section of USA Route 64.</p><br>
<h2>Capacity</h2><br>
<p>The dam is a rock-filled crib-type dam 30 ft high and 450 ft long. The two units at the powerhouse downstream from the dam have a generating capacity of 23,100 kilowatts. The dam typically schedules major recreational releases on weekends in spring and fall and five days per week in summer months.</p><br>
<p>The dam&#39;s flume consists of a wooden trough situated upon a shelf carved out of the cliffside. The trough carries the water to a point just above the powerhouse where it drops the water 250 ft through two large steel pipes to the powerhouse below. Without this flume system, the dam (at just 30 feet high) would be practically useless as a power plant. There is a funicular railway at the powerhouse site that is used for transport from the powerhouse to the flume.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The growth of industry in Chattanooga some 30 mi west of the Ocoee River in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries required large amounts of electric power. Several private entities attempted to meet this demand by building dams that could produce hydroelectricity. In 1910, a group of financiers formed the Eastern Tennessee Power Company to use the Ocoee&#39;s hydro-power potential. The company completed Ocoee Dam No. 1 in late 1911, and work began on Ocoee Dam No. 2 the following year.</p><br>
<p>To build the dam, a wooden "crib" was constructed of 10 ft by 10 ft timbers, and the crib was filled with stone. Engineers realized that if the dam were built at the ideal powerhouse site, it would be unable to utilize the potential energy from the five-mile stretch immediately upstream in which the river drops 250 ft in elevation. Engineers solved this dilemma by constructing the 5 mi flume on the cliffs above the river gorge, which allows just a 19 ft drop in the water level from the point at which it exits the reservoir to the point at which it spills through the pipes into the powerhouse below. At 14 ft by 11 ft, the flume was unusually large for its day. The dam was completed in 1913.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, Eastern Tennessee Power merged with several other entities to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO). TEPCO maintained Ocoee Dam No. 2 until 1939, when a USA Supreme Court decision forced the company to sell its assets to the Tennessee Valley Authority, which had been established to oversee flood control and development in the Tennessee Valley. The $78 million (equivalent to $ in ) TVA paid for TEPCO included $2.59 million (equivalent to $ in ) for Ocoee Dam No. 2.</p><br>
<p>TVA made several improvements to the dam in the 1940s which increased the dams generating capacity by 15%. The dams basic diversion design was used by TVA in the construction of Ocoee Dam No. 3 several miles upstream in 1942. By 1976, Ocoee No. 2&#39;s flume had deteriorated, and TVA decided to shut it down. To prevent it from being dismantled, several preservationist groups had the dam and flume placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. TVA renovated the flume with treated wood and placed it back in operation in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Elliott House is a historic house in Eutaw, Alabama. The Creole cottage style structure was built in 1850 by Jesse Gibson for John Williams Elliott, a watchmaker and jeweler. Elliott was born in 1814 in Litchfield County, Connecticut. He migrated to Eutaw around 1840. Elliott married Louisa Elizabeth Towner, a teacher and native of Rutland County, Vermont, in 1843. They had three children, all born and raised in Eutaw. Louisa died in 1853. John then married Blanche Smith Chapman, a native of Virginia, in 1858. The Elliott family left Eutaw prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War and relocated to Brooklyn, New York, where John Elliott died in 1888. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Antebellum Homes in Eutaw Thematic Resource on April 2, 1982, due to its architectural significance. It has been moved elsewhere since listing. The site is now a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church is a historic Greek Revival church building in Eutaw, Alabama. The two-story frame structure was built for the local Presbyterian congregation in 1851 by David R. Anthony. Anthony was a local contractor who constructed many of Eutaw&#39;s antebellum buildings. The congregation was organized by the Tuscaloosa Presbytery in 1824 as the Mesopotamia Presbyterian Church. John H. Gray served as the first minister from 1826 until 1836. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 16, 1974, due to its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<p>The church is a member of the Presbyterian Church in America.</p><br>
<p>The James B. Duke House is a mansion at 1 East 78th Street, on the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The building was designed by Horace Trumbauer, who drew heavily upon the design of in Bordeaux. Constructed between 1909 and 1912 as a private residence for businessman James Buchanan Duke and his family, the building has housed the New York University &#39;s Institute of Fine Arts since 1959.</p><br>
<p>The house has a limestone facade and was designed to look like a two-story structure from the street. An attic story is placed behind the balustrade on roof level. The house generally contains long windows and high ceilings and has a portico in the middle of the 78th Street facade. The interior of the first floor is designed in the French Classical style and consists of four large corner rooms, used as classrooms, which surround a main entrance hall. The second floor originally contained eight bedrooms while the third floor had servants&#39; quarters; these later served respectively as a library and offices. The basement had service rooms, later converted into laboratories.</p><br>
<p>The James B. Duke House replaced the 1880s-era Henry H. Cook mansion. When Duke died in 1925, his wife Nanaline and daughter Doris continued to live in the house until 1958, when they donated the house to NYU. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 1 East 78th Street as an official landmark in 1970, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The James B. Duke House is at 1 East 78th Street in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is on the northeast corner of 78th Street to the south and Fifth Avenue to the west, directly across Fifth Avenue from Central Park. The land lot covers 13,325 ft2 with a frontage of 82.17 ft on Fifth Avenue and 150 ft on 78th Street. Nearby sites include the Payne Whitney House and the Isaac D. Fletcher (now Harry F. Sinclair) House to the north, the Stuyvesant Fish House to the east, and 960 Fifth Avenue to the south.</p><br>
<p>The city block between Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue, and 78th and 79th Streets was part of the Lenox family farm until 1877, when Marcellus Hartley bought the block for $420,000. The railroad magnate Henry H. Cook acquired the site for $500,000 in 1880. The house was made of sandstone and marble. During that houses construction, Cook had not set a deadline or a fixed budget; when he came across any features he disliked, he ordered contractors to remove or modify these features. This contributed to the houses stature as one of the areas most lavish dwellings. Cook intended the block to house first-class residences, not high-rises, and only sold lots for the construction of private dwellings. By the early 1910s, the value of the land had increased to $6 million. Through the early 2000s, the block of Fifth Avenue remained largely intact, compared to other parts of Fifth Avenues "Millionaire&#39;s Row".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The James B. Duke House was designed in the French Classical/Louis XV style by Horace Trumbauer. Built for the family of James Buchanan Duke, it has served as a building for the New York University (NYU)s Institute of Fine Arts since around 1959. Trumbauer drew heavily upon the design of French architect Etienne Laclottes, built in 1773 in Bordeaux. Because Trumbauer did not have a formal architectural education, he delegated the details of his designs to other architects working for him. In particular, the Duke mansion was one of the early works of African American architect Julian Abele. The mansion itself measures 72 by and is freestanding, being surrounded by open space on all sides.</p><br>
<p>Comparing the house to the Edward S. Harkness House at 1 East 75th Street, Paul Goldberger wrote that the Duke House seemed "overwhelming". Conversely, Henry Hope Reed Jr. praised the house&#39;s "monumentality in what is, for New York, a low building".</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The facade is made of limestone, which is designed in a fine quality that looks like marble. From the street, the house was designed to look like a two-story structure. An attic story is placed behind the balustrade on roof level. To make the Duke mansion appear as an overscaled version of the Château Labottière, Trumbauer hid the service rooms in the basement and the servants bedrooms in the attic. On Fifth Avenue, the house is slightly recessed behind an areaway. A stone balustrade separates the areaway from the sidewalk. There is a yard on the north side of the house, separating it from the Payne Whitney House at 972 Fifth Avenue directly to the north. Another alley on the east side, measuring 10 ft wide, separates the Duke House from a neighboring building at 3 East 78th Street. The Duke Houses facade contains seven vertical bays of openings on the south, facing 78th Street, and four bays of openings on the west, facing Fifth Avenue. The house generally contains long windows and high ceilings to give it the impression of a large mansion.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is in the center bay on 78th Street. It contains a double-story portico flanked by vertical pilasters with quoins. The entrance is recessed within the portico and is flanked by Doric-style columns on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the facade is similarly ornate. Each corner of the facade contains pilasters with quoins, similar to those surrounding the portico. The windows at the ground floor are surrounded by banded moldings and have balustrades at the bottom. The balustrades of each ground-story window are visually connected by band courses within the spaces between each window. On the second story, each window is surrounded by a banded molding and has a wrought-iron window guard at the bottom, as well as a carved swag atop the window. The spaces between the windows on both stories are made of stone panels in low relief, while a band course separates the floors horizontally. The facade is topped by a large entablature and a cornice supported by modillions. The entablature has talon and egg-and-dart moldings as well as a blank frieze; at the portico, the entablature projects slightly from the facade.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The house has 30 According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the Duke House has a gross floor area of 31,089 ft2. However, media sources have described the house as having 40,000 ft2. Originally, numerous artworks were displayed throughout the house. These included Portrait of Raphael Franco (Thomas Gainsborough, 1780), Portrait of Lord Peter Burrell, Lord Gwydyr (Gainsborough, 1787), and Gentleman in a Red Coat (Henry Raeburn, 1800). Many of the house&#39;s original architectural records are in the collection of Duke University Libraries.</p><br>
<h4>First floor</h4><br>
<p>The former public rooms, including the dining, drawing, and music rooms, were arranged at the four corners of the ground floor. They retain many of the original furnishings and decorations. The library was in the southwest corner, the dining room in the northwest, the music room in the northeast, and the drawing room in the southeast. Because of the shape of the house, the music room was slightly larger than the other corner rooms. The former music room has arched openings with swags, fluted pilasters with capitals, relief panels, and an architrave with festoons and a cornice; many of the decorations are gilded. The music room has an arched opening with a small performers&#39; balcony that contains an iron railing., the Loeb Room, Marble Room, Lecture Hall, and Seminar Room respectively occupy the southwest, northwest, northeast, and southeast rooms.</p><br>
<h4>Other stories</h4><br>
<p>The second floor had eight large bedrooms. Also on the second floor was a linen room, dress closet, clothes rooms, a pantry, and bathrooms. Two stairs connect the second and third floors, one on either side of a skylight on the north side of the house.</p><br>
<p>Service rooms such as the laundry, kitchen, and servants&#39; dining room were placed in the basement. A fire stair replaced a dumbwaiter to the kitchen, but the basement furnishings remain largely intact. From the basement, another staircase and the elevator lead to the sub-basement, which has a multi-purpose room and more offices.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Buchanan Duke was born in North Carolina in 1856 He grew his familys tobacco enterprise significantly, and he became president of the American Tobacco Company in 1890 after several USA tobacco companies merged. James and his brother Benjamin Newton Duke moved the companys headquarters to New York City in the 1900s. By the middle of the decade, James Duke was worth $50 million, owned four properties across the eastern USA, and lived at Benjamin&#39;s house at 1009 Fifth Avenue. James moved to 4 East 52nd Street in what is now Midtown Manhattan in 1907, shortly before he married Nanaline Inman. Even after the American Tobacco Company was dissolved by antitrust action in 1911, Duke remained a wealthy businessman, organizing competing companies and founding the Southern Power Company (later Duke Power) and Duke University.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>After the Dukes married, they sought to move to Fifth Avenue, where many of the citys wealthiest lived. Duke considered buying Cooks 78th Street mansion as a wedding present. Duke began negotiations for the Cook house in 1907, and discussions continued for two years. By August 1909, Duke planned to construct an entirely new residence and was already demolishing the Cook house. The New York Times wrote, "Is it possible that twenty-five years hence people will be talking about the old Duke house?" Many of the furnishings in the Cook mansion were sold at deep discounts: for instance, a $15,000 fireplace was sold for $300, and individual panels worth $55 were sold for $3. The demolition contractor called it "the best-built house ever torn down in New York City".</p><br>
<p>Trumbauer was hired to design a new residence there, and John T. Brady & Co. was hired as the general contractor. It is unknown why Duke selected Trumbauer specifically. Many of Dukes peers had hired McKim, Mead & White to design their own houses, and, at the time of the Duke Houses construction, Trumbauer had completed few other buildings in Manhattan. In September, Duke sold a small parcel on the north side of the site, measuring 20 by, to his neighbor William Payne Whitney. The next month, Trumbauer filed plans for a three-story Renaissance-style residence on the site, to cost $365,000.</p><br>
<p>By mid-1910, the masonry at the ground story had been laid. Had Duke not bought the old Cook house, he likely would have been forced to buy land further north in Carnegie Hill, where the Carnegie, Straight, Kahn, and Warburg mansions were located.</p><br>
<h3>Duke residence</h3><br>
<h4>Early years</h4><br>
<p>During 1912, Duke and his pregnant wife Nanaline moved into the house with their fourteen servants; the house had ultimately cost $1 million. Their only child, Doris Duke, was born the same November. Among the events the Dukes hosted in their new house was a dinner dance in March 1913. The New York Times dedicated a page in an illustrated supplement to photographs of the house, which it dubbed the "costliest home opened on Fifth Avenue within a year". According to New York state census records from 1915, the three Dukes lived with two relatives and thirteen servants. The 1920 United States census showed that all of the servants working at the house at that point had been hired after 1915, except for their 50-year-old cook Mathilda Andrews.</p><br>
<p>The 78th Street house, while spacious, was the Dukes&#39; secondary residence; their primary residence was Duke Farms in New Jersey. Nanaline did spend significant amounts of time at the 78th Street house, but James preferred to live in his other homes after World War I. James Duke also obtained the Lynnwood house in Charlotte, North Carolina, and lived there in the 1920s, just before his death.</p><br>
<h4>After James Duke&#39;s death</h4><br>
<p>James B. Duke died at his 78th Street home on October 10, 1925, having suffered from pneumonia for several weeks. In Jamess will, Doris received $50 million from her fathers $150 million estate</p><br>
<p>Doris successfully sued her mother for control of the house in early 1927 as part of a "friendly" lawsuit. As a teenager, Doris continued to reside in the family house on 78th Street, referring to it as "the rock pile" in her adulthood. By the late 1920s, apartment buildings were being constructed on the adjacent blocks. This prompted Nanaline Duke to ask the New York Supreme Court in 1929 to reduce the house&#39;s valuation from $1.6 million to $970,000, citing the apartment construction.</p><br>
<p>The house was assessed at $1.5 million in 1931, prompting Nanaline to sue again to reduce the value to $975,000. When Doris Duke turned twenty-one years old in 1933, she received a substantial part of the bequest that had been held in trust for her. A little more than a year later, in February 1935, Doris married James H. R. Cromwell at the 78th Street house. Even when Doris Duke remarried to Porfirio Rubirosa in 1947, she retained ownership of the 78th Street house and several other properties. The house was mostly used by Nanaline by the 1950s, and Nanaline stayed there until 1957.</p><br>
<h3>Institute of Fine Arts</h3><br>
<h4>1950s to 1990s</h4><br>
<p>In January 1958, Nanaline and Doris Duke donated the building to the NYU Institute of Fine Arts. Most of the art in the mansion was moved to Rough Point. involved preserving most of the interior spaces. NYUs occupancy of the Duke House preserved it for the time being, especially when other mansions on Fifth Avenues "Millionaires&#39; Row" were being demolished.</p><br>
<p>NYU dedicated the institutes new quarters in the Duke House in February 1959. The New York Landmarks Conservancy praised the Duke Houses "superb adaptive reuse" when the NYU renovation was completed. The same year, the LPC designated the house as part of the Metropolitan Museum Historic District, a collection of 19th- and early 20th-century mansions around Fifth Avenue between 78th and 86th Streets.</p><br>
<p>Richard Foster renovated the house again in the late 1970s, adding an 80,000-volume library on the second floor. John L. Loeb and the Hagop Kevorkian Fund financed the renovation, which cost $1.2 million. For his work, Foster received an award in 1978 from the Connecticut Society of Architects, and the New York Landmarks Conservancy gave the project an award for "excellence in the redesign of a landmarks building".</p><br>
<h4>1990s to present</h4><br>
<p>By the 1990s, the house was visibly deteriorating, and sidewalk sheds had to be erected to protect visitors. Next door at 3 East 78th Street, former institute chairman Sheldon Solow acquired a ground-floor condominium in 1999. Solow ultimately bought two floors in the adjacent building and donated them to NYU in 2007. The space was to contain a library named after him; the library would include several thousand art and architecture books that were being stored in the James B. Duke House and other locations.</p><br>
<p>The James B. Duke House was renovated starting in 2012. The facade, roof, and basement were preserved, and the existing materials were retained as much as possible. Also in 2012, NYU started negotiating with the condominium board of the neighboring 3 East 78th Street to expand into that building. In 2014, NYU proposed creating an enclosed breezeway slightly above the alley separating the Duke House and 3 East 78th Street. The move received opposition from residential condominium owners at 3 East 78th Street, who feared the move would damage their properties. The dispute was based on the fact that, while NYU owned the ground-floor condominium in the neighboring building, it did not own the exterior wall. After a 2016 lawsuit where NYU sued 3 East 78th Street&#39;s condominium board over delays to the renovation, NYU renovated the neighboring condominium unit in 2020.</p><br>
<p>Airy Hill is a historic home located at Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-section dwelling consisting of a -story frame wing and a two-story Federal-style brick house. The brick section was added in the early 1790s, together with a middle section that now connects the two. Also on the property is a brick smokehouse and an early-19th-century cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Airy Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Brampton is a historic home located at Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland. It is a transitional Greek Revival / Italianate-influenced dwelling built about 1860. The main section of the house is a three-story structure, constructed of brick with a symmetrical five-bay-wide facade and a depth of two bays. A two-story frame wing extends from the rear.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Carvill Hall, also known as Carvills Prevention, Salters Load. or Packerton, is a historic home located at Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland. It is a -story Flemish bond brick house, with exterior corbeled brick chimneys at each gable end. The main block was built between 1694 and 1709. Additions to the main block date to the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Chesterville Brick House, also known as Goodings Store, Isaac Spencer House and Salter House, is a historic home and former commercial building located at Chesterville, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story brick building, thought to have been built about 1773. The building has changed ownership many times. It was originally located on the northwest corner of the intersection of Maryland Route 447  and Maryland Route 290, abandoned in 1970, and vandalized prior to being moved in 1973; approximately 250 feet from its original site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Godlington Manor is a historic home located at Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is a frame gambrel-roof structure with a long frame -story kitchen wing. The house features much of the original beaded clapboard. Also on the property is a frame milkhouse, a brick smokehouse, and a boxwood garden.</p><br>
<p>Godlington Manor was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John H. Gray House is a historic house in Eutaw, Alabama. The two-story frame I-house was built by John H. Gray in the 1830s. Gray served as the first minister for the First Presbyterian Church from 1826 until 1836. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Antebellum Homes in Eutaw Thematic Resource on April 2, 1982, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>Clark&#39;s Conveniency is a historic home located near Pomona, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story, early-18th-century brick house built in three sections: the main block and a wing on the east and west ends. It is representative of the houses built by the smaller but still prosperous planters of 18th-century tidewater Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Clark&#39;s Conveniency was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Fairlee Manor Camp House is a historic home located near Fairlee, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is a "telescoping house" composed of a two-story, three-bay-long brick structure with a -story brick wing and a -story, 3-bay-long plank wing on each side in decreasing height and width. The oldest sections of the house date to 1825–1840. In 1953 Louisa d&#39;Andelot Carpenter donated Fairlee Manor to the Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults of Delaware, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The Fairlee Manor Camp House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
